Daniel Goleman’s research found that leaders use six styles. Each springs from different components of emotional intelligence. Below is a summary of the styles, their origin, when they work best and their impact on the organization’s climate and its performance. Goleman, Daniel, “Leadership that Gets Results” Harvard Business Review. Daniel Goleman’s research found that leaders use six styles. Each springs from different components of emotional intelligence. Below is a summary of the styles, their origin, when they work best and their impact on the organization’s climate and its performance. Goleman, Daniel, “Leadership that Gets Results” Harvard Business Review. Six distinct leadership styles, each springing from different components of emotional intelligence. Also known as emotional quotient (EQ), emotional intelligence is the ability to understand, use and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
According to Daniel Goleman there are six styles of leadership, extracted from a research done on 3,871 executives.
The research didn’t just try to define the styles, it also correlated each one of them with the effect they have on the company climate, which then has a direct correlation on results.
- Visionary — mobilize people toward a vision.
Works best when a clear direction or change is needed.
Most positive climate. - Coaching — develop people for the future.
Works best when helping people and building long-term strength.
Positive climate. - Affiliative — create emotional bonds and harmony.
Works best to heal rifts in teams or motivate people in stressful times.
Positive climate. - Democratic — build consensus through participation.
Works best to create consensus or get input.
Positive climate. - Pacesetting — expect excellence and self-direction.
Works best to get quick results from a highly competent team.
Negative climate. - Commanding — demand immediate compliance.
Works best in crisis or with problematic people.
Negative climate.
The most important aspect of this breakdown is that since each style fits a different situation, a good leader needs to be able to switch them when the context requires that. A leadership style is thus a tool, not personality trait.
Leaders who have mastered four or more—especially the authoritative, democratic, affiliative, and coaching styles—have the very best climate and business performance.
Note also that the four suggested ones exclude both commanding and pacesetting, exactly for their negative effect on the company climate.
On top of that, it’s important to note that all these styles relate in one for or another to emotional intelligence. And specifically it has been correlated to performance in the same study:
Executives who lacked emotional intelligence were rarely rated as outstanding in their annual performance reviews, and their divisions underperformed by an average of almost 20%.
If you want to learn more:
- D. Goleman (2000) Leadership That Gets Results (PDF)
- D. Goleman (2013) Primal Leadership
Leading from Your Seat
One important aspect of understanding your leadership style is realizing you don’t have to be in a conventional leadership role, CEO or executive, to be a leader. Because there are 6 leadership styles it is important to have the self-awareness to know which one you are.
In a recent interview with Renee Doty, Manager of Community Affairs with the EDC of Wayne County, who has her Master’s degree in communication and has done research on leadership, offers this advice to anyone interested in strengthening their leadership abilities. Renee says you can lead from the seat you currently hold, even if you don’t have a formal leadership title. This empowers you to speak up and make changes. Not every leader can be out in the spotlight “some leaders give the speeches while other leaders write speeches.” Being a leader is not confined to your job, you can be a leader in any part of your life.
“Some leaders give the speeches while other leaders write speeches.”
Renee DotyDoty emphasized that it is important to know your weaknesses as a leader “instead of ignoring them (weaknesses), strengthen and acknowledge them.” Leaders should be mindful of themselves, but should also understand that they bring with them a unique perspective that allows them to tackle challenges.
These are crucial concepts to understand when studying about your leadership style. It requires self-search and awareness that may highlight your weaknesses. This is not something to shy away from, Doty stated “The faster you can get to know yourself the faster you can find your place. People would be stronger leaders with self-reflection.”
What Are Leadership Styles?
What are leadership styles? They are behaviors that a leader displays while leading. Individuals display different leadership behaviors much like personality behaviors. While you are inclined towards one leadership type or another, this does not mean you can’t change your leadership style. With increased self-awareness, you can capitalize on the best parts of your leadership style to be the most effective leader possible.
What is my leadership style? This is the first question that all bosses, managers, or executives should ask themselves. Improvement of your leadership is impossible without learning your leadership behaviors. One Google search will tell you there are many different leadership styles and many opinions on the best ones.
In a study conducted by the Harvard Business Review, there are six most effective leadership styles. These include some of the initial leadership styles theorized by Kurt Lewin in 1939. Lewin’s theory of leadership initiated more research on the subject. After 80 years of research, there are many types of leadership styles that combine behaviors from different styles. In a blog article by Range, they even explain how to find your leadership style with multiple different personality assessment tools such as the Enneagram.
All leadership styles have pros and cons. Not every leadership style is effective in all working environments. Emotional intelligence is one of the most important assets that a leader can possess. It allows them to be as effective as possible in any work environment, with any team.
The 6 Leadership Styles
As a side note, there are various other types of leadership. Leadership styles may also have different names. These are the six that we are focusing on in this article.
Coercive
- Coercive: Coercive leaders are always in charge of the situation. Therefore, they can make decisions with little input from others. This is an important role in stressful situations or crises. This form of leadership does tend to make employees feel undervalued or unheard which can be detrimental. Employees feeling unappreciated can cause major setbacks in all work environments. Coercive leaders are needed to make the hard and quick decisions. In times of peace, this leadership style can have negative effects. on employee satisfaction. Read more to learn about making employees feel heard.
Authoritative
- Authoritative: Authoritative leaders like coercive leaders are in charge of the situation. These types of leaders can be described as firm, but fair. This leadership style is well suited for environments where a clear direction is needed. For instance, employees that need an engaged leader that always knows what everyone is doing. Authoritative leaders create change quickly and efficiently with each employee knowing their specific tasks. In an environment where employees do not need clear directives, this type of leadership style can feel like a micromanager.
Affiliative
- Affiliative: Affiliative leaders focus on people. Above all, they create strong bonds with employees and give them constant praise. These types of leaders have very loyal employees and a positive work environment. This is not a stand-alone leadership style because it can promote poor performance and productivity. These leaders may be prone to leave out constructive criticism in the hope of creating a positive work environment. Affiliative leadership in combination with another style can be very effective.
Six Leadership Styles Goleman
Democratic
- Democratic: Democratic leaders focus on feedback. They encourage feedback and meetings with their team. This allows them to build trust with their employees to get open and honest responses. Respect is another important part of leadership. This has a positive impact on motivating employees to do their best. This can be an ineffective style of leadership in times of duress when quick decisions need to be made.
Coaching
- Coaching: Coaching leaders focus on growth. They act as more of a coach for their employees than a boss. These are leaders not always seen in traditional business roles. They focus on the improvement and growth of their employees. The positive impact is this style of leadership builds up individuals so that they can perform well on their own as well as with their team. This leadership style is not effective in every work environment, including one with employees who may have an unwillingness to learn.
Pacesetting
- Pacesetting: Pacesetting leaders lead by example. They show their employees exactly what they want them to be doing. Above all, these leaders are highly effective in their positions and expect the same performance from all of their employees. The positive impact of this is it leads to competent employees. Meanwhile, the negative impact is this leadership can lead to competitiveness and lead to an uncomfortable work environment.
Best Leadership Styles
The success of the 6 leadership styles depends on the environment. It is important to understand that an effective leader needs to be able to switch between leadership styles with ease. Each employee may require a different kind of leadership to meet their maximum potential. An effective leader moves through each style but most likely has a style that they always come back too. Leadership styles in business may look different than those in other fields because the business sector is vast.
How Emotional Intelligence Can Help You
One key component of understanding your leadership style is emotional intelligence. Psychologist Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, states that emotional intelligence can be more important than cognitive intelligence. It is important to keep this in mind when trying to understand your leadership. Four qualities that people with high emotional intelligence display are compassion, authenticity, respect, and confidence. Similarly, effective leaders competently engage with their employees read how to effectively engage with those you are leading.
These are all qualities that are found dispersed through the 6 leadership styles. The goal of understanding your emotional intelligence and leadership style is to create your leadership style. “There is no right way to lead. If there was someone would have found it by now. The most fool-proof formula for effective leadership is:
- Evaluating your emotional intelligence
- Understanding your leadership style
- Using the trial and error method to achieve the best possible results
If you need some help deciding what your leadership style is take this short quiz.
About the Author
Rebekah Corwin is a senior public relations and psychology double major at Anderson University interning with Stratavize for the summer. Find her on LinkedIn.
Six Leadership Styles Emotional Intelligence
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